Video card - Wikipedia. A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor). Intel Atom was the brand name for a line of ultra-low-voltage IA-32 and x86-64 microprocessors by Intel Corporation. Atom was mainly used in netbooks, nettops. Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these and integrated graphics. At the core of both is the graphics processing unit (GPU), which is often erroneously used to refer to the video card as a whole. History. Most video cards offer various functions such as accelerated rendering of 3. D scenes and 2. D graphics, MPEG- 2/MPEG- 4 decoding, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi- monitor). Video cards also have sound card capabilities to output sound – along with the video for connected TVs or monitors with integrated speakers. Graphics cards weren't very useful for early computers, since they didn't have the capability to run graphic- based games or high- resolution videos as modern computers do now. Within the industry, video cards are sometimes called graphics add- in- boards, abbreviated as AIBs. Typical bandwidths for given memory technologies, missing are the memory latency. Zero- copy between GPU and CPU is not possible, since both have their distinct physical memories. Data must be copied from one to the other to be shared. Zero- copy is not possible, data has to be copied, over the system memory bus, from one partition to the other. As an alternative to the use of a video card, video hardware can be integrated into the motherboard or the CPU.
A graphics card also known as a video card or VGA board is a laptop component responsible for creating images on a laptop screen. In most low-mid range laptops the.Both approaches can be called integrated graphics. Motherboard- based implementations are sometimes called . Almost all desktop computer motherboards with integrated graphics that allow the disabling of the integrated graphics chip in BIOS, and have a PCI, or PCI Express (PCI- E) slot for adding a higher- performance graphics card in place of the integrated graphics. The ability to disable the integrated graphics sometimes also allows the continued use of a motherboard on which the on- board video has failed. Sometimes both the integrated graphics and a dedicated graphics card can be used simultaneously to feed separate displays. The main advantages of integrated graphics include cost, compactness, simplicity and low energy consumption. The performance disadvantage of integrated graphics arises because the graphics processor shares system resources with the CPU. A dedicated graphics card has its own random access memory (RAM), its own cooling system, and dedicated power regulators, with all components designed specifically for processing video images. Upgrading to a dedicated graphics card offloads work from the CPU and system RAM, so not only will graphics processing be faster, but the computer's overall performance may also improve. Both of the dominant CPU makers, AMD and Intel, are moving to APUs. One of the reasons is that graphics processors are powerful parallel processors, and placing them on the CPU die allows their parallel processing ability to be harnessed for various computing tasks in addition to graphics processing. As of late 2. 01. APUs provide graphics processing approaching mid- range mobile video cards. Users seeking the highest video performance for gaming or other graphics- intensive uses should still choose computers with dedicated graphics cards. Nvidia is a major player in the professional segment. In November, 2. 01. AMD introduced a so- called . Current high- performance video cards tend to consume a great deal of power. For example, the thermal design power (TDP) for the Ge. Force GTX TITAN is 2. Watts. Providing adequate cooling becomes a challenge in such computers. Computers with multiple video cards may need power supplies in the 1. W range. Heat extraction becomes a major design consideration for computers with two or more high end video cards. Video cards for desktop computers come in one of two size profiles, which can allow a graphics card to be added even to small- sized PCs. Some video cards are not of usual size, and are thus categorized as being low profile. Length and thickness can vary greatly, with high- end cards usually occupying two or three expansion slots, and with dual- GPU cards - such as the Nvidia Ge. Force GTX 6. 90- generally exceeding 1. This is done using either the PCIe bus on the motherboard, or, more commonly, a data bridge. Generally, the cards must be of the same model to be linked, and most low power cards are not able to be linked in this way. Cards from different chipset manufacturers, architectures cannot be used together for multi card scaling. If a graphics card has different sizes of memory, the lowest value will be used, with the higher values being disregarded. Currently, scaling on consumer grade cards can be done using up to four cards. Additionally, the operating system or an extra software package may provide certain programming APIs for applications to perform 3. D rendering. 3. D rendering API avaiability across operating systems. OSVulkan. Direct XGNMXMetal. Open. GLOpen. GL ESWindows 1. Nvidia/AMDMicrosoft. No. No. Yes. Yesmac. OSPaid (Molten. VK). In the third quarter of 2. AMD had a 3. 5. 5% market share while Nvidia had a 6. In economics, this industry structure is termed a duopoly. AMD and Nvidia also build and sell video cards, which are termed graphics add- in- board (AIBs) in the industry. The fact that AMD and Intel are direct competitors in the CPU industry is also noteworthy, since AMD- based video cards may be used in computers with Intel CPUs. Intel's move to APUs may weaken AMD, which until now has derived a significant portion of its revenue from graphics components. As of the second quarter of 2. AIB suppliers. Some AIB suppliers such as MSI build both AMD- based and Nvidia- based video cards. Others, such as EVGA, build only Nvidia- based video cards, while XFX, now builds only AMD- based video cards. Several AIB suppliers are also motherboard suppliers. The largest AIB suppliers, based on global retail market share for graphics cards, include Taiwan- based Palit Microsystems, Hong Kong- based PC Partner (which markets AMD- based video cards under its Sapphire brand and Nvidia- based video cards under its Zotac brand), Taiwan- based computer- maker Asustek Computer (Asus), Taiwan- based Micro- Star International (MSI), Taiwan- based Gigabyte Technology. Years ago, the move to integrated graphics on the motherboard greatly reduced the market for low end video cards. Now, AMD and Intel's accelerated processing units, which combine graphics processing with CPU functions on the CPU die itself, are putting further pressure on video card sales. Those processors are described as offering . As an example, the Intel Core i. HQ with Iris Pro Graphics 5. In a September, 2. Intel Core i. 7 4. HQ accelerated processing unit (which is closely related to the Intel processor with HD Graphics 5. Mac. Book Air,) the website hardware. And the tests leave no doubt about it, both 3. DMark and the gaming benchmarks confirm that the . If the benchmark is linear, that puts the Iris Pro Graphics 5. Ge. Force GT 6. 50. M Intel was targeting. AMD's A1. 0- 5. 75. M mobile APU with Radeon HD 8. G graphics scores 8. That will leave only the high- end enthusiast and professional market segments for video card vendors. These include: Graphics Processing Unit. Because of the large degree of programmable computational complexity for such a task, a modern video card is also a computer unto itself. Heat sink. A heat sink spreads out the heat produced by the graphics processing unit evenly throughout the heat sink and unit itself. The heat sink commonly has a fan mounted as well to cool the heat sink and the graphics processing unit. Not all cards have heat sinks, for example, some cards are liquid cooled, and instead have a waterblock; additionally, cards from the 1. Video BIOS. It may contain information on the memory timing, operating speeds and voltages of the graphics processor, RAM, and other details which can sometimes be changed. The usual reason for doing this is to overclock the video card to allow faster video processing speeds, however, this has the potential to irreversibly damage the card with the possibility of cascaded damage to the motherboard. The modern Video BIOS does not support all the functions of the video card, being only sufficient to identify and initialize the card to display one of a few frame buffer or text display modes. It does not support YUV to RGB translation, video scaling, pixel copying, compositing or any of the multitude of other 2. D and 3. D features of the video card. Video memory. Around 2. DDR technology. During and after that year, manufacturers moved towards DDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5 and GDDR5. X. The effective memory clock rate in modern cards is generally between 1 GHz to 1. GHz. Video memory may be used for storing other data as well as the screen image, such as the Z- buffer, which manages the depth coordinates in 3. D graphics, textures, vertex buffers, and compiled shader programs. The RAMDAC, or random- access- memory digital- to- analog converter, converts digital signals to analog signals for use by a computer display that uses analog inputs such as cathode ray tube (CRT) displays. The RAMDAC is a kind of RAM chip that regulates the functioning of the graphics card. Depending on the number of bits used and the RAMDAC- data- transfer rate, the converter will be able to support different computer- display refresh rates. With CRT displays, it is best to work over 7. Hz and never under 6. Hz, in order to minimize flicker. All current LCD/plasma monitors and TVs and projectors with only digital connections, work in the digital domain and do not require a RAMDAC for those connections. There are displays that feature analog inputs (VGA, component, SCART, etc.) only.
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